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Armeniaca - Абрикос

Семейство: Розоцветные
Описание растения:

Свое латинское название получил от "Армении", которую ранее ошибочно считали родиной абрикоса. Из древней Согдианы (Средняя Азия), где абрикос широко возделывался, он был перенесен арабами в страны Средиземноморья. Арабы назвали его 'attaikuk', испанцы переделали его в 'albaricoque', французы на свой лад переименовали его в 'abricot', отсюда возникло немецкое 'Abrikosse' и русское "абрикос". Содержит 8 видов, произрастающих в Восточной, Центральной, Средней и Малой Азии, на Кавказе. Это небольшие деревца 5-12 м высотой или крупные кустарники с широкой кроной и глубокой корневой системой. Листья простые, до 12 см, овальные, заостренные, на длинных черешках. Цветки правильные, крупные, бело-розовые, с приятным запахом. Плоды желтые или оранжевые, мясистые или суховатые костянки большей частью бархатистые.

Уход за растением:

Абрикос не выносит затенения, поэтому сажать его нужно на открытом, хорошо освещенном и продуваемом месте, на расстоянии не менее 3 метров от строений. Низко расположенные участки более подвержены действию весенних заморозков и холодных туманов, столь губительных для этой культуры. Отличительной чертой абрикоса является его способность расти и плодоносить при сравнительно меньшей сумме активных температур. Надземная часть молодых деревьев способна выдерживать кратковременное снижение температуры до минус 32 градусов, а корневая система — до минус 14 градусов. Но уже в декабре генеративные почки могут повреждаться при понижении температуры до минус 25 градусов в течение двух-трех суток, а в середине февраля они могут подмерзать и при температуре минус 18—20 градусов.

В конце февраля — начале марта при температуре более 5 градусов тепла почки выходят из состояния покоя и в связи с этим увеличивается опасность их повреждения низкими температурами. В начале марта цветковые почки погибают при температуре минус 8—10 градусов, а цветки в фазе бутона — при минус 6—7 градусов, распустившиеся же — при температуре минус 2 градуса.

Для завязи губительна температура минус 1 градус. В связи с этим очень важно проводить мероприятия, задерживающие наступление цветения. К ним относятся: забеливание деревьев раствором извести при наступлении положительных температур воздуха (февраль-март), обильный полив осенью, сгребание и уплотнение снега вокруг штамбов. Кроме того, после набухания почек необходимо внимательно следить за температурой воздуха и при ее понижении до критической для каждой фазы развития проводить защитные меры по борьбе с заморозками (дымление, полив, опрыскивание водой).

Продуктивность плодовых деревьев во многом зависит от качества посадочного материала. Для посадки лучше использовать двулетние саженцы, у которых есть не менее трех-пяти скелетных ветвей, хорошо развитая мочковатая корневая система с тремя-четырьмя основными корнями и с разветвлениями. При перевозке обязательно защищают корневую систему саженцев от подсушивания. Перед посадкой деревца на 1—2 дня ставят в воду, чтобы восстановить их жизнеспособность. Причем, в воду помещают не только корневую систему, но и штамбы с частью ветвей, так как они тоже способны впитывать влагу. Сажают деревья абрикоса на расстоянии 5—6 метров друг от друга в заранее выкопанные ямы. На юге России абрикос высаживают и осенью, и весной. Осеннюю посадку заканчивают за 10—12 дней до наступления устойчивых морозов. До начала холодов деревья образуют новые корешки и рано весной трогаются в рост. После посадки деревьев белят штамбики, а осенью к тому же обвязывают их камышом, стеблями других растений или плотной бумагой, но только не прозрачной пленкой (для защиты от грызунов). В течение вегетации деревца 3—4 раза поливают водой по 1—2 ведра. Для этого прокапывают кольцевые канавы по проекции диаметра кроны.

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